Alcohol
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 141-147 , April 2001

Effects of calcium channel blockers on pentylenetetrazol drug discrimination in rats

Received 25 May 2000 ,Revised 11 December 2000 ,Accepted 17 December 2000.

References 

  1. Altamura AC, Regazzetti MG, Porta M. Nimodipine in human alcohol withdrawal syndrome—an open study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1990;1:37–40
  2. Ator NA, Cook JM, Griffiths RR. Drug discrimination in pentylenetetrazol-trained baboons generalization to buspirone and beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester but not lorazepam or pentobarbital. Drug Dev Res. 1989;16:257–267
  3. Banger M, Benkert O, Roschke J, Herth T, Hebenstreit M, Philipp M, et al. Nimodipine in acute alcohol withdrawal state. J Psychiatr Res. 1992;26:117–123
  4. Benjamin D, Lal H, Meyerson LR. The effects of 5-HT1B characterizing agents in the mouse elevated plus-maze. Life Sci. 1990;47:195–203
  5. Bennett DA, Geyer H, Dutta P, Brugger S, Fielding S, Lal H. Comparison of the actions of trimethadione and chlordiazepoxide in animal models of anxiety and benzodiazepine receptor binding. Neuropharmacology. 1982;21:1175–1179
  6. Bone GH, Majchrowicz E, Martin PR, Linnoila M, Nutt DJ. A comparison of calcium antagonists and diazepam in reducing ethanol withdrawal tremors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1989;99:386–388
  7. Chweh AY, Swinyard EA, Wolf HH. Pentylenetetrazol may discriminate between different types of benzodiazepine receptors. J Neurochem. 1983;41:830–833
  8. Colombo G, Agabio R, Lobina C, Reali R, Melis F, Fadda F, et al. Effects of the calcium channel antagonist darodipine on ethanol withdrawal in rats. Alcohol Alcohol. 1995;30:125–131
  9. Dolin SJ, Hunter AB, Halsey MJ, Little HJ. Anticonvulsant profile of the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists, nitrendipine and nimodipine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1988;152:19–27
  10. El Ganouni S, Tazi A, Hakkou F. Potential serotonergic interactions with the anxiolytic-like effects of calcium channel antagonists. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998;60:365–369
  11. Emmett-Oglesby M, Spencer D, Lewis M, Elmesallamy F, Lal H. Anxiogenic aspects of diazepam withdrawal can be detected in animals. Eur J Pharmacol. 1983;92:127–130
  12. Emmett-Oglesby MW, Harris CM, Lane JD, Lal H. Withdrawal from morphine generalizes to a pentylenetetrazol stimulus. Neuropeptides. 1984;5:37–40
  13. Emmett-Oglesby MW, Mathis DA, Harris CM, Idemudia SO, Lal H. Withdrawal from diazepam substitutes for the discriminative stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;244:892–897
  14. Emmett-Oglesby MW, Spencer DG, Arnoult DE. A TRS-80-based system for the control of behavioral experiments. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982;17:583–587
  15. Emmett-Oglesby MW, Spencer DG, Elmesallamy F, Lal H. The pentylenetetrazol model of anxiety detects withdrawal from diazepam in rats. Life Sci. 1983;33:161–168
  16. File SE, Baldwin HA, Hitchcott PK. Flumazenil but not nitrendipine reverses the increased anxiety during ethanol withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1989;98:262–264
  17. File SE, Zharkovsky A, Gulati K. Effects of baclofen and nitrendipine on ethanol withdrawal responses in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1991;30:183–190
  18. File SE, Zharkovsky A, Hitchcott PK. Effects of nitrendipine, chlordiazepoxide, flumazenil and baclofen on the increased anxiety resulting from alcohol withdrawal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1992;16:87–93
  19. Gatch MB, Wallis CJ, Lal H. Effects of ritanserin on ethanol withdrawal–induced anxiety in rats. Alcohol. 2000;21:11–17
  20. Gherezghiher T, Lal H. RO 15-1788 selectively reverses antagonism of pentylenetetrazol-induced discriminative stimuli by benzodiazepines but not by barbiturates. Life Sci. 1982;31:2955–2960
  21. Giusti P, Guidetti G, Costa E, Guidotti A. The preferential antagonism of pentylenetetrazole proconflict responses differentiates a class of anxiolytic benzodiazepines with potential antipanic action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1991;257:1062–1068
  22. Goldstein DB. Relationship of alcohol dose to intensity of withdrawal signs in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1972;180:203–215
  23. Harris C, Elkhayat I, Benjamin D, Bhadra S, Lal H. CGS 9896 blocks the pentylenetetrazol-like effect of withdrawal from chronic ethanol. Drug Dev Res. 1989;16:277–283
  24. Harris CM, Emmett-Oglesby MW, Robinson NG, Lal H. Withdrawal from chronic nicotine substitutes partially for the interoceptive stimulus produced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1986;90:85–89
  25. Idemudia SO, Bhadra S, Lal H. The pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal is potentiated by bicuculline and picrotoxinin. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989;2:115–122
  26. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources . Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1996;
  27. Jung ME, Wallis CJ, Gatch MB, Lal H. Sex differences in the pentylenetetrazol-like stimulus induced by ethanol withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;291:576–582
  28. Jung ME, Wallis CJ, Gatch MB, Lal H. Abecarnil and alprazolam reverse anxiety-like behaviors induced by ethanol withdrawal. Alcohol. 2000;21:161–168
  29. Kiraç R, Eröglu L. Bay K 8644 potentiates the anxiolytic effect of ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1991;39:325–327
  30. Lal H, Harris CM, Benjamin D, Springfield AC, Bhadra S, Emmett-Oglesby MW. Characterization of a pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988;247:508–518
  31. Larkin JG, Thompson GG, Scobie G, Forrest G, Drennan JE, Brodie MJ. Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists in mice: blood and brain pharmacokinetics and efficacy against pentylenetetrazol seizures. Epilepsia. 1992;33:760–769
  32. Little HJ, Dolin SJ, Whittington MA. Calcium channel antagonists prevent adaptive responses to ethanol. Alcohol Alcohol, Suppl. 1993;2:263–267
  33. Littleton JM, Little HJ, Whittington MA. Effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists in ethanol withdrawal; doses required, stereospecificity and actions of Bay K 8644. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1990;100:387–392
  34. Ramanjaneyulu R, Ticku MK. Interactions of pentamethylenetetrazole and tetrazole analogues with the picrotoxinin site of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex. Eur J Pharmacol. 1984;98:337–345
  35. Rodin EA, Calhoun HD. Metrazol tolerance in a “normal” volunteer population: a ten year follow-up report. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1970;150:438–443
  36. Shearman G, Lal H. Discriminative stimulus properties of pentylenetetrazol and bemegride: some generalization and antagonism tests. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1979;64:315–319
  37. Shearman GT, Lal H. Generalization and antagonism studies with convulsant, GABAergic and anticonvulsant drugs in rats trained to discriminate pentylenetetrazol from saline. Neuropharmacology. 1980;19:473–479
  38. Shearman GT, Miksic S, Lal H. Lack of tolerance development to benzodiazepines in antagonism of the pentylenetetrazol discriminative stimulus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1979;10:795–797
  39. Shulman A, Jagoda J, Laycock G, Kelly H. Calcium channel blocking drugs in the management of drug dependence, withdrawal and craving. A clinical pilot study with nifedipine and verapamil. Aust Fam Physician. 1998;27(Suppl. 1):S19–S24see comments
  40. Stephens DN, Shearman GT, Kehr W. Discriminative stimulus properties of beta-carbolines characterized as agonists and inverse agonists at central benzodiazepine receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1984;83:233–239
  41. Swedberg MD, Jacobsen P, Honore T. Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and discriminative effects of the AMPA antagonist 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo (f) quinoxaline (NBQX). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;274:1113–1121
  42. Wallis CJ, Lal H. Calcium channel blockers reduce ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in male rats. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 1995;21:1700
  43. Watson WP, Little HJ. Interactions between diltiazem and ethanol: differences from those seen with dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1994;114:329–336
  44. Whittington MA, Dolin SJ, Patch TL, Siarey RJ, Butterworth AR, Little HJ. Chronic dihydropyridine treatment can reverse the behavioural consequences of and prevent adaptations to, chronic ethanol treatment. Br J Pharmacol. 1991;103:1669–1676
  45. Whittington MA, Little HJ. A calcium channel antagonist stereoselectively decreases ethanol withdrawal hyperexcitability but not that due to bicuculline, in hippocampal slices. Br J Pharmacol. 1991;103:1313–1320
  46. Wood DM, Lal H. Anxiogenic properties of cocaine withdrawal. Life Sci. 1987;41:1431–1436
  47. Zapater P, Javaloy J, Roman JF, Vidal MT, Horga JF. Anticonvulsant effects of nimodipine and two novel dihydropyridines (PCA 50922 and PCA 50941) against seizures elicited by pentylenetetrazole and electroconvulsive shock in mice. Brain Res. 1998;796:311–314

 Editor: T.R. Jerrells

PII: S0741-8329(01)00123-9

Alcohol
Volume 23, Issue 3 , Pages 141-147 , April 2001