Alcohol
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 9-18 , May 2003

Differences in norepinephrine clearance in cerebellar slices from low-alcohol-sensitive and high-alcohol-sensitive rats

  • Ronald K Freund

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmacology, Box C-236, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1-303-315-4225; fax: +1-303-315-4227
  • ,
  • Greg A Gerhardt

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
    • Center for Sensor Technology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
  • ,
  • Kriste E Marshall

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmacology, Box C-236, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
  • ,
  • Michael R Palmer

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pharmacology, Box C-236, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    • Center for Sensor Technology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA

Received 31 March 2003 ,Revised 8 May 2003 ,Accepted 11 May 2003.

References 

  1. Bloom FE, Battenberg ELF. A rapid, simple and more sensitive method for the demonstration of central catecholamine-containing neurons and axons by glyoxylic acid–induced fluorescence (II. A detailed description of methodology). J Histochem Cytochem. 1976;24:561–571
  2. Bloom FE, Hoffer BJ, Siggins GR. Studies on norepinephrine-containing afferents to Purkinje cells of rat cerebellum (I. Localization of the fibers and their synapses). Brain Res. 1971;25:501–521
  3. Borg S, Kvande H, Sedvall G. Central norepinephrine metabolism during alcohol intoxication in addicts and healthy volunteers. Science. 1981;213:1135–1137
  4. Cass WA, Gerhardt GA, Mayfield RD, Curella P, Zahniser NR. Differences in dopamine clearance and diffusion in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens following systemic cocaine administration. J Neurochem. 1992;59:259–266
  5. Cass WA, Zahniser NR, Flach KA, Gerhardt GA. Clearance of exogenous dopamine in rat dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens: role of metabolism and effects of locally applied uptake inhibitors. J Neurochem. 1993;61:2269–2278
  6. Erwin VG, Deitrich RA. Genetic selection and characterization of mouse lines for acute functional tolerance to ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1996;279:1310–1317
  7. Freund RK, Donatelli DP, Palmer MR. Ethanol interactions with GABA and β-adrenergic mechanisms on cerebellar neurons in LAS and HAS rats. Abstr Soc Neurosci. 1994;20:1616
  8. Freund RK, van Horne CG, Harlan TH, Palmer MR. Electrophysiological interactions of ethanol with GABAergic mechanisms in the rat cerebellum in vivo. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17:321–328
  9. Friedemann M, Gerhardt GA. Regional effects of aging on dopaminergic function in the Fischer-344 rat. Neurobiol Aging. 1992;13:325–332
  10. Gerhardt GA. Rapid chronocoulometric measurements of norepinephrine overflow and clearance in CNS tissues. In:  Boulton A,  Baker G,  Adams RN editor. Neuromethods, Vol. 27 Voltammetric Methods in Brain Systems. Rahwah, NJ: Humana Press; 1995;p. 117–151
  11. Gerhardt GA, Burmeister JJ. Voltammetry in vivo for chemical analysis of the nervous system. In:  Meyers RA editors. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2000;p. 710–731
  12. Gerhardt GA, Hoffman AF. Effects of recording media composition on the responses of Nafion-coated carbon-fiber microelectrodes measured using high-speed chronoamperometry. J Neurosci Methods. 2001;109:13–21
  13. Gerhardt GA, Palmer MR. Characterization of the techniques of pressure ejection and microiontophoresis using in vivo electrochemistry. J Neurosci Methods. 1987;22:147–159
  14. Hebert MA, Gerhardt GA. Age-related changes in the capacity, rate, and modulation of dopamine uptake within the striatum and nucleus accumbens of Fischer 344 rats: an in vivo electrochemical study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;288:879–887
  15. Hoffman AF, Gerhardt GA. Differences in pharmacological properties of dopamine release between the substantia nigra and striatum: an in vivo electrochemical study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289:455–463
  16. Hwang BH, Wang G-M, Wong DT, Lumeng L, Li T-K. Norepinephrine uptake sites in the locus coeruleus of rat lines selectively bred for high and low alcohol preference: a quantitative autoradiographic binding study using [3H]-tomoxetine. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:588–594
  17. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources , Commission on Life Sciences , National Research Council . Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1996;
  18. Kraemer GW, Lake CR, Ebert MH, McKinney WT. Effects of alcohol on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine in rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacol (Berl). 1985;85:444–448
  19. Landis SC, Shoemaker WJ, Schlumpf M, Bloom FE. Catecholamines in mutant mouse cerebellum: fluorescence microscopic and chemical studies. Brain Res. 1975;93:253–266
  20. Lee R-S, Smith SS, Chapin JK, Shimizu N, Waterhouse BD, Maddux BN, et al. Effects of systemic and local ethanol on responses of rat cerebellar Purkinje neurons to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Brain Res. 1995;687:12–21
  21. Lin AM-Y, Bickford PC, Palmer MR, Cline EJ, Gerhardt GA. Effects of ethanol and nomifensine on NE clearance in the cerebellum of young and aged Fischer 344 rats. Brain Res. 1997;756:287–292
  22. Lin AM-Y, Freund RK, Hoffer BJ, Palmer MR. Ethanol-induced depressions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons are potentiated by β-adrenergic mechanisms in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;271:1175–1180
  23. Lin AM-Y, Freund RK, Palmer MR. Ethanol potentiation of GABA-induced electrophysiological responses in cerebellum: requirement for catecholamine modulation. Neurosci Lett. 1991;122:154–158
  24. Lin AM-Y, Freund RK, Palmer MR. Sensitization of γ-aminobutyric acid–induced depressions of cerebellar Purkinje neurons to the potentiative effects of ethanol by beta adrenergic mechanisms in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1993;265:426–432
  25. Masserano JM, Weiner N. Investigations into the neurochemical mechanisms mediating differences in ethanol sensitivity in two lines of mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982;221:404–409
  26. Moises HC, Woodward DJ. Potentiation of GABA inhibitory action in cerebellum by locus coeruleus stimulation. Brain Res. 1980;182:327–344
  27. Olson L, Fuxe K. On the projections from the locus coeruleus noradrenaline neurons: the cerebellar innervation. Brain Res. 1971;28:165–171
  28. Palmer MR, Harlan JT, Spuhler K. Genetic covariation in low alcohol-sensitive and high alcohol-sensitive selected lines of rats: behavioral and electrophysiological sensitivities to the depressant effects of ethanol and the development of acute neuronal tolerance to ethanol in situ at generation eight. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;260:879–886
  29. Palmer MR, Hoffer BJ. GABAergic mechanisms in the electrophysiological actions of ethanol on cerebellar neurons. Neurochem Res. 1990;15:145–151
  30. Palmer MR, Wang Y, Fossom LH, Spuhler KP. Genetic correlation of ethanol-induced ataxia and cerebellar Purkinje neuron depression among inbred strains and selected lines of rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1987;11:494–501
  31. Pearson BJ, Donatelli DP, Freund RK, Palmer MR. Differential development and characterization of rapid acute neuronal tolerance to the depressant effects of ethanol on cerebellar Purkinje neurons of low-alcohol-sensitive and high-alcohol-sensitive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997;280:739–746
  32. Pearson BJ, Palmer MR, Freund RK. Rapid acute neuronal tolerance to ethanol in LAS rats may involve a rapid desensitization of β-adrenergic mechanisms. Abstr Soc Neurosci. 1996;22:2072
  33. Sessler FM, Mouradian RD, Cheng JT, Yeh HH, Liu W, Waterhouse BD. Noradrenergic potentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cell responses to GABA: evidence for mediation through the beta-adrenoceptor-coupled cyclic AMP system. Brain Res. 1989;499:27–38
  34. Spuhler K, Deitrich RA, Baker RC. Selective breeding of rats differing in sensitivity to the hypnotic effects of acute ethanol administration. In:  Deitrich RA,  Pawlowski A editor. Conference on Initial Effects of Ethanol, NIAAA Research Monograph-20. Washington, DC: USPHS; 1990;p. 87–102
  35. Spuhler K, Hoffer B, Weiner N, Palmer M. Evidence for genetic correlation of hypnotic effects and cerebellar Purkinje neuron depression in response to ethanol in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1982;17:569–578
  36. Su M-T, Dunwiddie TV, Gerhardt GA. Combined electrochemical and electrophysiological studies of monoamine overflow in rat hippocampal slices. Brain Res. 1990;518:149–158
  37. Tuomisto J. Nomifensine and its derivatives as possible tools for studying amine uptake. Eur J Pharmacol. 1977;42:101–106
  38. van Horne C, Hoffer BJ, Stromberg I, Gerhardt GA. Clearance and diffusion of locally applied dopamine in normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992;263:1285–1292
  39. Wang Y, Freund RK, Palmer MR. Potentiation of ethanol effects in cerebellum by activation of endogenous noradrenergic inputs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;288:211–220
  40. Waterhouse BD, Moises HC, Yeh HH, Woodward DJ. Norepinephrine enhancement of inhibitory synaptic mechanisms in cerebellum and cerebral cortex: mediation by beta adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1982;221:495–506
  41. Weiner EA, French TA, Baker RC, Masserano JM. Differential effects of norepinephrine on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate stimulated hydrolysis in brains of mice genetically selected for differences in ethanol sensitivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1990;14:900–905
  42. Weinshenker D, Rust NC, Miller NS, Palmiter RD. Ethanol-associated behaviors of mice lacking norepinephrine. J Neurosci. 2000;20:3157–3164
  43. Yang X, Knapp DJ, Criswell HE, Breese GR. Action of ethanol and zolpidem on gamma-aminobutyric acid responses from cerebellar Purkinje neurons: relationship to beta-adrenergic receptor input. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:1655–1661
  44. Zahniser NR, Larson GA, Gerhardt GA. In vivo dopamine clearance rate in rat striatum: regulation by extracellular dopamine concentration and dopamine transporter inhibitors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289:266–277
  45. Zurawel RH, Freund RK, Palmer MR. β-Adrenergic regulation of GABA-induced depressions on cerebellar Purkinje neurons in LAS and HAS rats. Abstr Soc Neurosci. 2000;26:1816

 A paper published as a high-priority communication is one that reviewers have identified as being of high scientific significance and have recommended that the study findings should be communicated to the scientific community as soon as possible.

PII: S0741-8329(03)00098-3

doi: 10.1016/S0741-8329(03)00098-3

Alcohol
Volume 30, Issue 1 , Pages 9-18 , May 2003