Alcohol
Volume 32, Issue 1 , Pages 53-61 , January 2004

Disordered sleep, nocturnal cytokines, and immunity: interactions between alcohol dependence and African-American ethnicity

Received 12 September 2003 ,Revised 23 October 2003 ,Accepted 26 October 2003.

References 

  1. Abdallah RM, Starkey JR, Meadows GG. Toxicity of chronic high alcohol intake on mouse natural killer cell activity. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1988;59:245–258
  2. Allen RP, Wagman A, Faillace LA, McIntosh M. Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep recovery following prolonged alcohol intoxication in alcoholics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1971;153:424–433
  3. Anderson NB, Armstead CA. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: a new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosom Med. 1995;57:213–225
  4. Armitage R. Microarchitectural findings in sleep EEG in depression: diagnostic implications. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;37:72–84
  5. Balasekaran R, Bulterys M, Jamal MM, Quinn PG, Johnston DE, Skipper B, et al. A case-control study of risk factors for sporadic hepatitis C virus infection in the southwestern United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1341–1346
  6. Bauer J, Hohagen F, Ebert T, Timmer J, Ganter U, Krieger S, et al. Interleukin-6 serum levels in healthy persons correspond to the sleep–wake cycle. Clin Investig. 1994;72:315
  7. Beck-Friis J, Kjellman B, Aperia BF, Unden F, von Rosen D, Ljunggren JG, et al. Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1985;71:319–330
  8. Benca RM, Quintas J. Sleep and host defenses: a review. Sleep. 1997;20:1027–1037
  9. Biron CA, Nguyen KB, Pien GC, Cousens LP, Salazar-Mather TP. Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: function and regulation by innate cytokines. Annu Rev Immunol. 1999;17:189–220
  10. Borbely AA, Baumann F, Brandeis D, Strauch I, Lehmann D. Sleep deprivation: effect on sleep stages and EEG power density in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1981;51:483–495
  11. Borbely AA, Wirz-Justice A. Sleep, sleep deprivation and depression. A hypothesis derived from a model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol. 1982;1:205–210
  12. Born J, Lange T, Hansen K, Molle M, Fehm HL. Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells. J Immunol. 1997;158:4454–4464
  13. Bright PE, Arnett DK, Blair C, Bayona M. Gender and ethnic differences in survival in a cohort of HIV positive clients. Ethn Health. 1996;1:77–85
  14. Brower KJ, Aldrich MS, Hall JM. Polysomnographic and subjective sleep predictors of alcoholic relapse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:1864–1871
  15. Brower KJ, Aldrich MS, Robinson EA, Zucker RA, Greden JF. Insomnia, self-medication, and relapse to alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:399–404
  16. Buskin SE, Gale JL, Weiss NS, Nolan CM. Tuberculosis risk factors in adults in King County, Washington, 1988 through 1990. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1750–1756
  17. Clark CP, Gillin JC, Golshan S, Demodena A, Smith TL, Danowski S, et al. Increased REM sleep density at admission predicts relapse by three months in primary alcoholics with a lifetime diagnosis of secondary depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;43:601–607
  18. Constant SL, Bottomly K. Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997;15:297–322
  19. Cook RT. Alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and damage to the immune system – a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:1927–1942
  20. Crum RM, Galai N, Cohn S, Celentano DD, Vlahov D. Alcohol use and T-lymphocyte subsets among injection drug users with HIV-1 infection: a prospective analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:364–371
  21. Deaciuc IV. Alcohol and cytokine networks. Alcohol. 1997;14:421–430
  22. Dijk DJ, Duffy JF, Riel E, Shanahan TL, Czeisler CA. Ageing and the circadian and homeostatic regulation of human sleep during forced desynchrony of rest, melatonin and temperature rhythms. J Physiol. 1999;516:611–627
  23. Drummond SP, Gillin JC, Smith TL, DeModena A. The sleep of abstinent pure primary alcoholic patients: natural course and relationship to relapse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1998;22:1796–1802
  24. Edinger JD, Wohlgemuth WK, Radtke RA, Marsh GR, Quillian RE. Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1856–1864
  25. Felten SY, Madden KS, Bellinger DL, Kruszewska B, Moynihan JA, Felten DL. The role of the sympathetic nervous system in the modulation of immune responses. Adv Pharmacol. 1998;42:583–587
  26. Fonzi S, Solinas GP, Costelli P, Parodi C, Murialdo G, Bo P, et al. Melatonin and cortisol circadian secretion during ethanol withdrawal in chronic alcoholics. Chronobiologia. 1994;21:109–112
  27. Gallucci RM, Meadows GG. Ethanol consumption reduces the cytolytic activity of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1995;19:402–409
  28. Gallucci RM, Pfister LJ, Meadows GG. Effects of ethanol consumption on enriched natural killer cells from C57BL/6 mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18:625–631
  29. Garfinkel D, Laudon M, Nof D, Zisapel N. Improvement of sleep quality in elderly people by controlled-release melatonin. Lancet. 1995;346:541–544
  30. Giles DE, Perlis ML, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ. EEG sleep in African-American patients with major depression: a historical case control study. Depress Anxiety. 1998;8:58–64
  31. Gillin JC, Smith TL, Irwin M, Butters N, Demodena A, Schuckit M. Increased pressure for rapid eye movement sleep at time of hospital admission predicts relapse in nondepressed patients with primary alcoholism at 3-month follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:189–197
  32. Gillin JC, Smith TL, Irwin M, Kripke DF, Brown S, Schuckit M. Short REM latency in primary alcoholic patients with secondary depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:106–109
  33. Gillin JC, Smith TL, Irwin M, Kripke DF, Schuckit M. EEG sleep studies in “pure” primary alcoholism during subacute withdrawal: relationships to normal controls, age, and other clinical variables. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;27:477–488
  34. Gudewill S, Pollmacher T, Vedder H, Schreiber W, Fassbender K, Holsboer F. Nocturnal plasma levels of cytokines in healthy men. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992;242:53–56
  35. Haimov I, Lavie P, Laudon M, Herer P, Vigder C, Zisapel N. Melatonin replacement therapy of elderly insomniacs. Sleep. 1995;18:598–603
  36. Hogan D, Morrow JD, Smith EM, Opp MR. Interleukin-6 alters sleep of rats. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;137:59–66
  37. Irwin M, Brown M, Patterson T, Hauger R, Mascovich A, Grant I. Neuropeptide Y and natural killer cell activity: findings in depression and Alzheimer caregiver stress. FASEB J. 1991;5:3100–3107
  38. Irwin M, Caldwell C, Smith TL, Brown S, Schuckit MA, Gillin JC. Major depressive disorder, alcoholism, and reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Role of severity of depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47:713–719
  39. Irwin M, Gillin JC, Dang J, Weissman J, Phillips E, Ehlers CL. Sleep deprivation as a probe of homeostatic sleep regulation in primary alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51:632–641
  40. Irwin M, McClintick J, Costlow C, Fortner M, White J, Gillin JC. Partial night sleep deprivation reduces natural killer and cellular immune responses in humans. FASEB J. 1996;10:643–653
  41. Irwin M, Miller C. Decreased natural killer cell responses and altered interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 production in alcoholism: an interaction between alcohol dependence and African-American ethnicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:560–569
  42. Irwin M, Miller C, Gillin JC, Demodena A, Ehlers CL. Polysomnographic and spectral sleep EEG in primary alcoholics: an interaction between alcohol dependence and African-American ethnicity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:1376–1384
  43. Irwin M, Smith TL, Gillin JC. Electroencephalographic sleep and natural killer activity in depressed patients and control subjects. Psychosom Med. 1992;54:10–21
  44. Jacobs GD, Benson H, Friedman R. Perceived benefits in a behavioral-medicine insomnia program: a clinical report. Am J Med. 1996;100:212–216
  45. Jean-Louis G, von Gizycki H, Zizi F. Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res. 1998;25:177–183
  46. Jerrard-Dunne P, Sitzer M, Risley P, Steckel DA, Buehler A, von Kegler S, et al. Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism modulates the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on early carotid artery atherosclerosis: the Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression Study (CAPS). Stroke. 2003;34:402–407
  47. Jerrells TR. Effects of ethanol on cellular immunity and antimicrobial, immune responses. In:  Yirmiya R,  Taylor AN editor. Alcohol, Immunity, and Cancer. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993;p. 23–35
  48. Johnson LC, Burdick JA, Smith J. Sleep during alcohol intake and withdrawal in the chronic alcoholic. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1970;22:406–418
  49. Kapas L, Hong L, Cady AB, Opp MR, Postlethwaite AE, Seyer JM, et al. Somnogenic, pyrogenic, and anorectic activities of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and TNF-alpha fragments. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:R708–R715
  50. Kennedy SH, Garfinkel PE, Parienti V, Costa D, Brown GM. Changes in melatonin levels but not cortisol levels are associated with depression in patients with eating disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:73–78
  51. Kronfol Z, Nair M, Hill E, Kroll P, Brower K, Greden J. Immune function in alcoholism: a controlled study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17:279–283
  52. Krueger JM, Obal F. Growth hormone–releasing hormone and interleukin-1 in sleep regulation. FASEB J. 1993;7:645–652
  53. Krueger JM, Toth LA. Cytokines as regulators of sleep. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994;739:299–310
  54. Kühlwein E, Hauger RL, Irwin MR. Abnormal nocturnal melatonin secretion and disordered sleep in abstinent alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:1437–1443
  55. Kühlwein E, Irwin M. Melatonin modulation of lymphocyte proliferation and Th1/Th2 cytokine expression. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;117:51–57
  56. Lange T, Marshall L, Spath-Schwalbe E, Fehm HL, Born J. Systemic immune parameters and sleep after ultra-low dose administration of IL-2 in healthy men. Brain Behav Immun. 2002;16:663–674
  57. Levine RS, Foster JE, Fullilove RE, Fullilove MT, Briggs NC, Hull PC, et al. Black–white inequalities in mortality and life expectancy, 1933–1999: implications for healthy people 2010. Public Health Rep. 2001;116:474–483
  58. Lindberg E, Janson C, Svardsudd K, Gislason T, Hetta J, Boman G. Increased mortality among sleepy snorers: a prospective population based study. Thorax. 1998;53:631–637
  59. Lovallo WR, Dickensheets SL, Myers DA, Thomas TL, Nixon SJ. Blunted stress cortisol response in abstinent alcoholic and polysubstance-abusing men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:651–658
  60. Maestroni GJ. The photoperiod transducer melatonin and the immune-hematopoietic system. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1998;43:186–192
  61. Majumdar SK, Miles A. Disturbed melatonin secretion in chronic alcoholism and withdrawal. Clin Chem. 1987;33:1291; (Letter)
  62. Meadows GG, Blank SE, Duncan DD. Influence of ethanol consumption on natural killer cell activity in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1989;13:476–479
  63. Mendenhall CL, Moritz T, Rouster S, Roselle G, Polito A, Quan S, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis C among veterans with alcoholic liver disease. The VA Cooperative Study Group 275. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:1022–1026
  64. Morin C, Colecchi C, Stone J, Sood R, Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281:991–999
  65. Moss HB, Tamarkin L, Majchrowicz E, Martin PR, Linnoila M. Pineal function during ethanol intoxication, dependence, and withdrawal. Life Sci. 1986;39:2209–2214
  66. Murialdo G, Filippi U, Costelli P, Fonzi S, Bo P, Polleri A, et al. Urine melatonin in alcoholic patients: a marker of alcohol abuse?. J Endocrinol Invest. 1991;14:503–507
  67. Murphy EL, Bryzman S, Williams AE, Co-Chien H, Schreiber GB, Ownby HE, et al. Demographic determinants of hepatitis C virus seroprevalance among blood donors. JAMA. 1996;275:995–1000
  68. Nelson S, Kolls JK. Alcohol, host defence and society. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2:205–209
  69. Nowak JZ, Zawilska JB. Melatonin and its physiological and therapeutic properties. Pharm World Sci. 1998;20:18–27
  70. Opp MR, Imeri L. Sleep as a behavioral model of neuro-immune interactions. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 1999;59:45–53
  71. Opp MR, Obal F, Krueger JM. Interleukin 1 alters rat sleep: temporal and dose-related effects. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:R52–R58
  72. Opp MR, Smith EM, Hughes TK. Interleukin-10 (cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor) acts in the central nervous system of rats to reduce sleep. J Neuroimmunol. 1995;60:165–168
  73. Petrovsky N, Harrison LC. Diurnal rhythmicity of human cytokine production: a dynamic disequilibrium in T helper cell type 1/T helper cell type 2 balance?. J Immunol. 1997;158:5163–5168
  74. Redwine L, Dang J, Hall M, Irwin M. Disordered sleep, nocturnal cytokines, and immunity in alcoholics. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:75–85
  75. Redwine L, Hauger RL, Gillin JC, Irwin M. Effects of sleep and sleep deprivation on interleukin-6, growth hormone, cortisol, and melatonin levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3597–3603
  76. Rogers RG. Living and dying in the U.S.A.: sociodemographic determinants of death among blacks and whites. Demography. 1992;29:287–303
  77. Sander M, Irwin M, Sinha P, Naumann E, Kox WJ, Spies CD. Suppression of interleukin-6 to interleukin-10 ratio in chronic alcoholics: association with postoperative infections. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:285–292
  78. Sanders VM, Straub RH. Norepinephrine, the beta-adrenergic receptor, and immunity. Brain Behav Immun. 2002;16:290–332
  79. Schmitz MM, Sepandj A, Pichler PM, Rudas S. Disrupted melatonin-secretion during alcohol withdrawal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996;20:983–995
  80. Schuckit MA, Bernstein LI. Sleep time and drinking history: a hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. 1981;138:528–530
  81. Sempos CT, Rehm J, Wu T, Crespo CJ, Trevisan M. Average volume of alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in African Americans: the NHEFS cohort. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003;27:88–92
  82. Snyder S, Karacan I. Sleep patterns of sober chronic alcoholics. Neuropsychobiology. 1985;13:97–100
  83. Song C, Lin A, De Jong R, Vandoolaeghe E, Kenis G, Bosmans E, et al. Cytokines in detoxified patients with chronic alcoholism without liver disease: increased monocytic cytokine production. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45:1212–1216
  84. Spath-Schwalbe E, Hansen K, Schmidt F, Schrezenmeier H, Marshall L, Burger K, et al. Acute effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on endocrine and central nervous sleep functions in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1573–1579
  85. Sternbach GL. Infections in alcoholic patients. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1990;8:793–803
  86. Street NE, Mosmann TR. Functional diversity of T lymphocytes due to secretion of different cytokine patterns. FASEB J. 1991;5:171–177
  87. Sutocky JW, Shultz JM, Kizer KW. Alcohol-related mortality in California, 1980 to 1989. Am J Public Health. 1993;83:817–823
  88. Szabo G, Mandrekar P. Ethanol-mediated regulation of transcription factors in immunocompetent cells. Front Biosci. 2002;7:80–89
  89. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Kales A, Tyson K, Chrousos GP. Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of sleep disturbance and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1313–1316
  90. Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Lotsikas A, Zachman K, Kales A, et al. Circadian interleukin-6 secretion and quantity and depth of sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:2603–2607
  91. Watzl B, Watson RR. Role of nutrients in alcohol-induced immunomodulation. Alcohol Alcohol. 1993;28:89–95
  92. Weiderpass E, Ye W, Mucci LA, Nyren O, Trichopoulos D, Vainio H, et al. Alcoholism and risk for endometrial cancer. Int J Cancer. 2001;93:299–301
  93. Wetterberg L, Aperia B, Gorelick DA, Gwirtzman HE, McGuire MT, Serafetinides EA, et al. Age, alcoholism and depression are associated with low levels of urinary melatonin. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1992;17:215–224
  94. Wikner J, Andersson DE, Wetterberg L, Rojdmark S. Impaired melatonin secretion in patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. J Intern Med. 1995;237:571–575
  95. Williams HL, Rundell OH. Altered sleep physiology in chronic alcoholics: reversal with abstinence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1981;5:318–325
  96. Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Lynch HJ, Ives JR, Dollins AB, Morabito C, et al. Sleep-inducing effects of low doses of melatonin ingested in the evening. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995;57:552–558
  97. Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Regan MM, Taylor JA, Shi JP, Leclair OU. Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4727–4730
  98. Ziegler MG, Nelesen R, Mills P, Ancoli-Israel S, Kennedy B, Dimsdale JE. Sleep apnea, norepinephrine-release rate, and daytime hypertension. Sleep. 1997;20:224–231

PII: S0741-8329(04)00005-9

doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.10.002

Alcohol
Volume 32, Issue 1 , Pages 53-61 , January 2004

Article Tools